Day 2 Mekong Delta Fieldwork

旧Day 2 HTMLに収録された原文を保持。聞き取りの誤り・欠落、フィールドメモを含みます。Original text retained from the previous Day 2 HTML, including recognition errors, omissions and field notes.

As long as we're doing any of this right, it works out fine, and we should do something else, right? So that's the second priority. And the third one is that we want us to be valuable to you, you know, in your professional way. So if you feel you've got to take a picture of something that's important for your professional or personal interests, do it, right? Regardless, right? That's super important. That's why you're here, right? And so then after that, then we have these methods, right? So we've got three of them. And you've heard a lot of talk about them, and if we can just kind of give you, I can give you, like, the two-minute version, and then you can use it as a menu maybe today, and that's a method that's going to work for you. You have the agency to use it the way that is going to help, and we hope that you'll use all of them, because we have an interest in researching design and researching research, right? It's kind of meta, but that's kind of what we're up to, and so we really hope that you'll participate in that. But anyway, so the menu is basically, there's a three-item menu, just like breakfast in the hotel means only three items, right? And so the three items are that there's this river scores, and there's the indexical tracing, and then there's the group method. And so the river scores, if you feel like you want to do something meditative on your own, river scores is the choice. And if you feel like that you want to continue to work on your own, but you want something with more evidence, then indexical tracing is one. And then the group one, if you feel like you want to participate with your group, you want the social experience of investigating some issue together to get some kind of insight that maybe you can apply to your career, then the group activity is the one. And I think that you're welcome to do any and all of them as you see the appropriate opportunity to do that, yeah? The group leaders will kind of remind you if we think that there's a particularly great opportunity for one or the other, we might recommend it, but we're going to more or less leave it up to you to choose from the menu when you feel it's the right time, yeah? The other thing that I want to say then is that we do want to collect stuff for this alluvial wall. It's kind of the record of this event, and that has real value. It may not have so much value to you personally, but it has real value to the people in our collective organization. And so we really hope that you'll do that. You have two Ziploc bags. If you don't, I have, if not, I've got a few in my bag, extras. So if you'd like, just keep that in the back of your mind, that today at some point you want to put one or two items in a Ziploc bag and collect that for us. And then also these group leaders have these notebooks that we're assembling that can be related to the trip generally or specifically to those group questions. Each group got a question yesterday, and so you might just keep that question and review the question now, and then just keep it in the back of your mind. You don't have to have an answer or anything. But maybe at some point during the day we might come around to the groups and get some reflection from you about how you're feeling about that question, yeah? But at the end, don't feel stressed about the methodology, right? There are these other priorities that come sort of ahead of that, yeah? So, and if you've got any questions about it, just speak to one of the group leaders, and we're happy to clarify, yeah? Otherwise, we're really looking forward to having fun with you all today. Thank you.

You do it again, or just go to writing and reflecting, and then giving translated. And reflecting maybe is good on the ferry, and then maybe writing just when you can today. That might be something you do across the day. Can I say that? And then maybe at the end of the day, maybe at dinner we can do sharing things. Yeah, cool. Yeah, cool.

旧Day 2 HTMLに収録された原文を保持。聞き取りの誤り・欠落、フィールドメモを含みます。Original text retained from the previous Day 2 HTML, including recognition errors, omissions and field notes.

Cocoy model. Every experience is built around what they already have, like traditional culture, a peaceful countryside lifestyle, and unspoiled nature. Focus will go directly to participating families, with a portion reinvested into the community. There are no funds. You will hear more detail by the sharing of this one. Also about the waterways, shopping, shopping cruising, and the Gorshen River. They have all three of the ecosystems divided into three zones: freshwater, wetlands, and coastal river, because of...

Project, national and also international project about climate change and also for the environment. So today, he's joining us to share about, firstly, there are going to be three topics we're going to share. The first one is generally about the Mekong Delta and also the Tiền River, which is part of the Tiền River. And then we're going to share a little bit about the local livelihood in this surrounding area, and also, and the last one is what you want to hear most, which is the rice and shrimp mixing farming method. Good evening, Ohio. Welcome. Welcome to the Mekong Delta. And my name is Ian, but it's not possible to pronounce, so I'm better known as Double. Well, for a certain, there are a couple of key topics, but I'm not really going to tell you just one thing. Just, just, just the things that I know. Maybe we should get to know each other a bit. Who were you? And why are you here? What are you interested in, and so on. Someone who dares to introduce yourself first? Okay, I'm ready. Yeah, from MIT Vietnam. I'm teaching in digital media programming, or things about sound and algorithmic art, and I'm here to research about how we research. How to research. Anybody else, please? Hi, I'm from Osaka, Japan. I'm a faculty at Chuo University, studying innovation and entrepreneurship. And sustainable design, in essence, is very closely related to innovation and entrepreneurship. That's why I came here. Sustainable design and innovation? Why you come here? I would like to find insights about how to create new value. Okay. How, this little island? Yes. Okay. I hope we can create something by the end of today. I'm just wondering what I know can suit your purpose or not. We are very interested in different kind of sources or circularity, like what kind of things, thanks to this Mekong Delta or Mekong River, how people have been living here, what are the livestocks, and how do you have this lifestyle and the business, and everything is sort of circulating and supporting one another? Yeah. So your interest is how we have lived here? Yes. Very simple. We live by...

organize how people relate to each other here in the delta in terms of communities, in terms of the economy, what are their values. I think also we are interested in how the community here listens to the river and listens to the animals and the other non-human life and also maybe also to the technologies that are maybe coming into the mix. Or in plain English, how do we relate to the nature? I only know plain English, you know. Anyway, let me tell you the story of this land. Lucky that you come today. If you come a bit earlier, like 15,000 years ago, when I was younger, this place didn't exist at all because it was a sea continent of shallow. But 1,500 years ago, we wouldn't have this land. By the way, we are in this real island, 30 kilometers from the sea, and this way. And for orientation purpose, that's the Mekong River upstream, and this is downstream to the East Sea, and then this is north, and this is south. We are situated at the downstream most part of the larger picture called the Mekong River Basin. I believe it's the third. The Mekong River itself is 12th longest river on Earth, and the Mekong Delta itself is the third, third biggest. So of all the 11,000 deltas on Earth, we are the third. Which are the first two ones? Amazon? Yes. The Nile? Or the what in India? Ganges. Anyway, just tell you that we are important. And because we are at the downstream most part of the river, so we receive water from upstream of the Mekong River, which is 4,000 kilometers, 4,300 kilometers, originating in the Tibetan Plateau, up in the elevation of 5,000 meters up there. And it's meandering down through China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam before flowing into the sea. So annually, the Mekong River flows down a volume of 475 billion cubic meters of water, and it brings with it on the average 160 million tons of mud in the water and 30 million tons of sand at the bottom because sand is very heavy. So about 6,000 years ago, before 6,000 years ago, sea level was really high. And so sea level rise, nothing new to us. When I was younger, the sea was higher. But about 6,000 years ago, the sea began to recede, and the sea level dropped, so that the continental shelf became shallow enough to trap the sediment. So the delta building process began then. And as a result of the sediment load by the mighty Mekong, the delta kept advancing toward the East Sea by 60 meters a year and toward the Ca Mau Peninsula by 26 meters a year. Yeah. So my point is, the delta is a byproduct of the sediment transport and deposition of the mighty Mekong. Or in other words, if 6,000 years ago somebody decided to build dams there, the delta wouldn't come into being in the first place. Yeah. So 90% of the water we have here is from the mighty Mekong. Only we have 10% of local rainwater dropping on our head. So we depend on the Mekong River for everything.

The river is rushing down very strongly, and as a result the current is very strong in the flood season. 80% of the water flows in the flood season and only 20% in the dry season. So in the flood season the water flows really strong from July to December during the wet season, and dry season from January to May, six, May, June. Anyway, so the strong current brings down transport the materials to build the delta, and also because of the big relative elevation, there is potential for energy, and that's where the problem is. Also, because people up there wanted to tap the energy from the river. So up in the China section of the Mekong, they call it Lancang River. They have built 11 dams on the mainstream. And down in the lower Mekong basin from Laos border with China, they proposed 11 more on the mainstream and 140 on the tributaries. So they block most of the sediment, and they have blocked some already. So the delta here is deprived of the very materials that built the delta in the first place. So we are suffering from the sediment deficit, and the coast is receding. I'll come back to you.

So every year I'm using our data, we are losing more than 500 hectares, many football courts yearly. And my own estimate is that due to erosion alone, the delta is going to disappear entirely on the map of Vietnam. So you're lucky to come here when it is still here. 200 years from now, when you come back, you won't see the delta anymore due to erosion alone. 200 years from now, you'll be hovering from above. It will be just water instead of the delta. It will go back to the delta, like before, before the delta building process. So I was wondering about the symptoms. So there must be so many, but are there some categories of symptoms from this activity? Very good question. Symptoms. And 2009-2010, I got myself involved in an international team, 25 people, as we spent 16 months studying the proposed dams in Laos. We did strategic environment studies at the proposed dams, and I learned of the potential impact. Terrifying. And I came back here trying to warn the government of Vietnam and everybody in the public of the coming disaster. And they was laughing at me. And now they are laughing no more. And if you have learned about the Mekong Delta issues, you might learn that it is, the delta is suffering a multidimensional crisis. Many things. You learn a long list of issues, like salinity intrusion would be the first to be mentioned, riverbank collapsing, coastal erosion, land degradation, resources depletion, and 2 million people have left the delta. It is ridiculous because it is one of the most fertile land in... No, this is the most fertile area in Vietnam, one of the most fertile areas on planet Earth, and yet people have been forced to leave the delta. If you walk into the village today, you notice that nobody is under 40, only... young and handsome. Nobody is under 40. We made a village, only elderlys and young children stay.

Quy Dung is an industrial province in the east, southeast region. You can go anywhere and blame it on the dunes. It's because it's a very, can migrate out of the delta for alternative, for better livelihood, and blame it on the dunes. So going to the dunes. And the problem is they go to the factory to sell their youth. They go in their twenties. And when they reach 35 and above, their eyes are no longer good, their hands are no longer good for working exactly. They require exact skills, right? So they are fired by the employers so that they can recruit the younger generation. So the one we come from, return from the factories, we have to return to the same village, the village. So the poor villagers have to welcome them back, and they bring with them very little accumulated money from selling their youth and the wrong set of skills. They are no longer. They're not farmers. So they come back. We start to see a wave of people coming back to the poor villages. And why the younger be with it. But let's have a happy note here. This little island, I have just forwarded an article to your group actually, and it's published in Mongabay. You know, Mongabay is one of the most respected environmental journal and newspaper in the world. So it talks about this little island. Going to this island, the island is like going back in time, like you see the delta 30 years ago.

Nostalgic. Nostalgic memory about the overall life that we passed. To me, the delta is a paradise lost. It was when I was young, we didn't have a lot of cash, we didn't have a lot of money, but then we had everything. We had the river. Can you believe it? We could still swim the river back then, and we could drink directly from the rice field. What we worked out is in the rice field, we drank from it, and we took the water from the river, let it sit still overnight for the sediment to deposit, everything from it. And we had a lot of fish, we had a lot of wild animals, vegetables. We planted only one crop of rice, and everything was automatically organic. No need for certification. Everything was organic. It was quite a way of life. Although we would be categorized as poor by world standards today, income below one dollar per day. But we had the clean air, we had birds in the sky, we had fish in the river, almost paradise. Now we have a lot of... Now we have transformed into a cash economy. You can say that I am rich. Everybody is rich, a lot of money in the pocket, but we cannot buy back what it was. So a long list of issues is very perplexing, very confusing. It doesn't help at all. So let's try to categorize them into groups. Because of the situation, the location of the delta, we can categorize the issues into three groups: those coming from upstream, those coming from the sea, and those coming from ourselves, the internal. So upstream would have what? We have climate change upstream, because most of the water we receive from the upstream, climate change happening up there affect the amount of rainfall. So it affects the flows and affects the amount of water we receive here. And up there, in the context of climate change, we have something called El Niño, part of the ENSO cycle, which is a normal natural cycle, but in the context of climate change, we have witnessed extreme events. In 2015, we had really low, really low rainfall in the rainy season, that the river, the Mekong River itself exposed, the bed of the river exposed.

Really, 90 kilometers into land. And that was a historical, historical one, the first time ever. And it repeated itself in 19... yeah, the salinity, yeah. So in 19, it repeated itself, another low rainfall season. So quite funny was another story, drought. And finished, it seemed to repeat itself now, 2026. In the coming October, El Niño is becoming worse, and in fact might be the worst one in history since 1950, in 75 years. So next dry season, 2027, might be the drought might be stronger than the two before. And the coastal communities are going to be in trouble because they live in the coast, and we lack water for domestic use. And also the crops, the dry season crops, are going to be lost. In 2026 and 2016, we lost about 160,000 hectares of rice in the dry season. And in 2020, we learned better, so we taught... What's the percentage of that? That's a big number, but what percentage of the rice crops does that represent? Just the coastal belt. We have about one million... one million is... I can check that to be... Because this is a free version. Anyway. So, yeah, we are sitting here at the very... at the belt of the salinity belt of the delta. Because on the east coast, there's always a salinity belt in the dry season, about 30 kilometers into land. Because without the... naturally, it was an open system communicating with the sea daily, hourly, spaces actually. So this very little island is subject to seasonality also. Like this season, you will see that the water in the river is fresh, but in the dry season, half of the island will be drought. And the top, the second... I mean the first half upstream still has fresh water, but the second half facing the sea is dry. And luckily, this island is too small for the water engineers to mess with it with infrastructure. So it remains pretty natural with natural hydrology. So we still have a lot of aquatic resources, but of course it's in exactly larger, larger deltas, heavily polluted. And we let's go upstream again.

It might be complicated for us to adapt to. And on top of that, the hydropower put another layer of complication, because when you have a large river like this, water freely flowing, the sediment is transported by the stream energy. And when they put it down across the river, we stop the flow and stop the water so that we put the turbine below and generate electricity. So as a result, according to the law of the guy, what is he? The guy who jumped out of the bathtub naked and said, Eureka? What's his name? Archimedes. According to Archimedes' law, anything heavier than water will have to sink. Sediment is heavier than water. It gets transported only because of the flowing, the energy of the stream. Now you put it down. So you stop the flow. The sediment, most of the sediment deposited upstream, in the reservoir. And the water coming down past the river is called hungry water. Hungry water. It's an American term, not Australian. American term hungry water, is coined after they manipulated the Mississippi River in the 19th century. Hungry water is water deprived of sediment. So it become hungry because of excessive energy. Hungry water is just like us. We have to eat. We eat what? We eat rice, we eat food, but hungry water eats what? Hungry river eats the byme. So causing collapse. Because of excessive energy, the hungry flow will have to find sediment to compensate, compensate for that kind of energy. So we are really deprived of this very material that built the delta. According to the law of delta building, a delta cannot exist, a sediment delta cannot exist if the sediment load, the supply of sediment, is not enough to resist the energy from the sea. And another issue is that sand, sand coming downstream. It's very heavy. It can get transported only when there is a strong flow. So only in large flood years and months, then it can get transported. So the flood season is six months, from July to December. But sand gets transported only in the first length of the season, in the good flood year. So as a result, every year sand gets transported for about 200 kilometers only. To cover a journey of 4,300, it takes about 30 years. With the rest stop area where they rest on a hammock and waiting for the next flood season. I have traveled upstream of the Mekong and I have seen plenty. There is an area where the restock area of the sand, blue sand. Everywhere you would see sand waiting because it's not compact. Blue sand waiting for next year to be transported anyway. But the problem is we are lacking sand. What's the problem with that? And also sand mining is taking place all along the Mekong River, especially in Cambodia and Vietnam. So as a result, the riverbed has been deepened four or five meters. And using outdated data, our river has become very deep now. And the problem is when the bed is deep, the banks become taller and collapse. So the delta is disappearing quickly. Another thing is fish migration. We have two kinds of fish here. In the whole Mekong River basin, we have 1,200 species of fish identified. Down here in the delta, because of the interface with the sea, we have a more diverse environment. So we have the richest, we have about 450 species. And today maybe you sample about three? Can I just ask again? So 450 species here in the delta, and 1,200 for the whole basin? From China. Because our environment here is more diverse and we have the nutrients from upstream.

Is that the black fish, they stay. They are residential. They migrate locally only, and they breathe by the atmosphere oxygen. So they surface and breathe. And the white fish are smaller, and they are migratory. So annually they have to migrate. They have to swim, swim up to southern Laos to find the right environment for foraging and breeding. Then they put dams across the river. You know the Sambor Dam proposed in Cambodia is 18,002 meters wide, 50 meters up from the dam crest to the bottom. So this is like a great wall, and fish migrate up there and up past the dam for the right breeding environment upstream. Another problem is that, I mean, the developers try to calm the public by saying, Well, we gonna build, we gonna use technology, we're gonna build fish ladders to accommodate fish migration. I have several problems with it. Number one, it's borrowed technology from Europe, just for one big species of salmon, which is big, with strong stamina. We are Asian fish. We are smaller, but many. We don't have that stamina to climb up that. But in the Mekong River, a study shows that one hour you have to accommodate 30 tons of fish passing by. So what kind of ladders can accommodate that biomass? See, Asian fish, we are small, but a lot of us. So it doesn't work that way, mate. Another problem: when you have a natural river, eight kilometers like this, fish will go freely. Now you build a dam and you put some fish ladders with water coming down, figure that. Fish will have a confusing time that they don't know the entrance. You have to put up signs: Fish enter here. In four languages. We don't have Cambodia in English. So all the studies so far have agreed that if all the dams get built, then 100% of the fish, white fish, are gonna be wiped out. 100%. That's quite a silly question. Like, so all these dam projects, like wasn't there any consensus among the countries that live by the Mekong River? Because, like, a lot of... It's really a silly question. Yeah. Because I'm gonna come up with a silly answer. Yeah, good. There's a regional body called the MRC, the Mekong River Commission, which is... I can tell you in private. It's not working. I'm Indonesian, so I know how to build a... Indonesian, I have a problem with you. Yeah. Because you are part of ASEAN, and you think the continental Mekong is a problem of the continental ASEAN, nothing to do with you. The maritime ASEAN doesn't have anything to do with it. No. It's gonna affect you. You have to bring it into the ASEAN agenda. That's a message for you in Indonesia. Malaysia, no runs for you. So we are Malaysian here as well. Malaysia, also same problem. No runs for you either. This is not only for the continental ASEAN. We are the same family, you guys. So where were we?

Everybody here eats fish. The whole Mekong Delta is essentially woodland. So the whole biodiversity here depends on fish, especially white fish. The blackfish depend on whitefish. The egrets, the birds, the turtles, the snakes, the eels, everybody eats fish and plants in the food chain, especially the rural population, who cannot afford anything but wild fishery, and especially their children. Our children in the rural villages grow up in pain because of the calcium in the bones of the fish. So when we are deprived of that source of nutrients, we will see short children in the future. And also it's irreplaceable source of protein. One study has calculated the replacement by, for example, raising poultry, trying to compensate for the loss of fish, which is worth two billion. If you try to compensate that source of protein, you have to clear land, a lot of land, for chicken raising, while it's provided by nature for free, we're losing that. So it's a total ecological collapse, and it will affect the most vulnerable groups, which is the rural poor children. And okay, downstream. Now at the seafront, we are subject to sea level rise also. And if you watch TV too much in Vietnam, you will be scared. TVs and newspapers, they want one full meter of sea level rise. That's going to submerge the delta.

Axial one. Axial sea level rise rate is about 3.6 millimeter per year only. Meanwhile, we are sinking. We are sinking faster, three, four times faster than sea level rise, because we are extracting groundwater from beneath our feet, because we have managed to destroy our surface water. Our rivers are no longer swimmable, no longer drinkable. Water, water, water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink. You know that poem. It was poem. It’s the situation in the delta also. So we look up to the Almighty God and complain, God, we don't have water to drink. God looked down and said, I gave up on you guys. I gave you one of the biggest basins on planet Earth. I blessed you with a lot of freshwater, and yet you are destroying it. Now you are complaining to me. Because we have managed to plant a lot of rice, too much rice in the rice first policy period, and we didn’t hesitate for one second to build infrastructure to get rid of water, to block rivers. So get rid of floodwater and then get rid of the saline water. We have two friends in the delta: floodwater that brings sediment and fishery resources, and we thought it was an enemy, so we built infrastructure to get it out. And then we have another friend, which is saline water, which is very rich in fishery resources, and we thought it was an enemy, so we built infrastructure to get that, keep it at bay. So as a result, we have this reason. We have fought with two friends until they turned enemies. Now we are complaining about salinity intrusion, but actually we have brought fresh water into the salinity kingdom. We expanded, expanded freshwater area into the saline zone by infrastructure. So we call it freshenization project and giving you English the name. My English better than yours, because you don't have that term. Freshenization project meaning to freshenize an area that would be otherwise brackish, so that we can plant rice easily. Yeah. And as a result, we have become the third or second biggest rice exporter in the world, but we have lost almost everything: fishery, soil degradation, communication with the sea, because we are plagued by the tidal water on a daily, daily basis, and monthly basis. The water every day, the sea would rise by 3.5 meters on a daily basis, twice, and push water upstream and then down like a pulse. That’s a free cleansing service, but we didn’t like that. We blocked most of the outlets that communicate to the sea, we blocked, except the biggest one, the nine dragon. For your information, the river here is called the Nine Dragon, for the nine branches pouring into the sea. But now only seven left. So we might as well call it the Seven Dragon Delta. Quick mythology question. We were talking about this point on the bus. Is there, do you know of an origin? Is there an additional mythological significance to the nine dragons, related to Buddhism or something else? Yeah, number nine can symbolize in Eastern culture, Chinese culture, according to feng shui, nine is feminine, seven is masculine. So the river was mild and gentle before, and now seven only masculine, become angrier, stronger, destroying.

And they build another one, a dam, 2,000, a line one, byline. So now only seven left. So my point is that the delta is sinking because we are extracting water from the ground water. Why? Imagine yourself, all of us living on a giant watermelon. We build houses on a giant watermelon, and we drink from the watermelon, from the earth, because the soil down there is also something full of water. So we take, and the porosity down here collapses. So we are sinking. So the sea is rising slowly, and we are sinking faster. And the water engineers say, why don't we build a bigger dike? We keep the sea at bay. They say, look at the Netherlands. The Netherlands is underwater, and yet they are thriving. Why not do the same? So that's another school of thought. So the delta boys is fighting, the delta boys on the tree, and they are numerous. So we are fighting with the water engineers. I wish I had all the power in the world, so that I can put all the water engineers into a re-education camp for them to learn a bit about ecology. And by the way, if I had more room, I would put accountants in there for creating trouble. So does the government listen to the water engineers solution rather than...? Yeah. So listen to the arguments of both sides. So the fair point is that the Netherlands is underwater, and yet they are thriving. So our side we say, which Netherlands? So have they working towards a strategy to restore, to try to rebuild? Their strategy is to borrow money, billions of dollars to advocate the government to borrow money, billions of dollars to do that mega dike. Our strategy is to tell a different story. So we ask them questions like this: Which Netherlands is underwater? My understanding is that only 31% of the Netherlands is underwater, and they built that gradually. They have spun into the sea gradually over the past 700 years by free energy from windmills pumping water out, generation after generation, and their sea is a low-energy sea, and their continental shelf is shallower. Look here, we have a deep sea and high energy. So we cannot do that. And also our soil here is very quick. And if you build a dike, a dike, maybe dike, to cope with one meter of sea level rise 100 years from now, you have to borrow money from now, and build something to cope with one hundred, sea level rise 100 years from now. The dike will not be there. The dike will sink, just like the one they've built in Louisiana after Katrina. The dike has been sinking as well. Another problem is that supposedly when you build a dike like that to cope with one meter or two meters, the foot of the dike is very heavy. But there is no protection, sea level rise protection in the whole world. It's just scenarios. Nothing is written on stone. It has in the frame, not the exact numbers. So don't buy that exact numbers. What if it turns out to be only 50 or 30 centimeters from now? Because when you build a dike to cope with 30 centimeters of sea level rise, the foot is smaller, the land loss compensation, the weight of the dike is going to be smaller, and the cost is smaller. And if one billion dollars, I would rather give it to the bank now and get interest to pay for the farmers instead of building that dike, which is a pity. Another problem is that when you see who build a huge dike like that, when the delta is in here, the sea is higher, then you miss the view, right? And you have to build a ladder to get a view of the sea somehow. But people forget that we are not the Netherlands. We're in a tropical context. We have 2,000 millimeters water a year. So we're going to be submerged ground under rain water first. And because if we build a dike, keeping the sea from coming in, you keep water from going out. So you will be flooded as well. And the whole delta is going to be turned into a lake, stinky lake. You know, flowing water is different from stagnant water. Flowing water has water turbulence, so that the water molecules can take turns to be exposed to the air, so oxygen can penetrate deep down. And when oxygen penetrates, dissolve into the water, oxygen can decompose organic matters. It combined C, carbon, and sink, it becomes CO2 and evaporate away. With the oxygen, like standing water like this, oxygen can penetrate only one to 20 centimeters maximum down below. You don't have any...

We think, which is 21 times stronger than CO2 in terms of global warming. And the water becomes stinky. So if we copy the Netherlands, the whole delta is going to be turned into a stinky, large, huge lake—tremendous—nowhere, stinkier, stinkier than the... in the Trump's way. Yeah. So one engineer's promise, right, build an education, pre-education camp for them, if they can. Have they never come on this tour before? Have they never talked to you and come on this tour before? We had battles before. We are fighting, and we don't like it, because they are building multi-million dollars projects, and we are always there as an obstacle. And I remember I met the former Minister of Infrastructure and Environment of the Netherlands back in 2016 in Saigon at the Vietnam forum, and she told me that if we knew then what we know now, we wouldn't have done what we did. So the Dutch is... because they also have problems, pumping water to keep the land dry, the land subsiding as well, and yet we want to copy. Just like we see somebody taking medicine and get well, and you want to get the same medicine, although you have different bodies. So the story of those hydrologists, but the civil engineers want to say that, is going to protect you, and meanwhile their bank accounts get much fatter because you pay them to do all this stuff. And with the rice farming, the rice farmers are selling that crop internationally and they make a lot of money, and the government likes it because they got tax revenue and so on, right? So what is the alternative story that you tell them about the economy that says, Hey, you're actually, you're killing your golden goose, or there's a different model for economic development? What is it that you tell them as an alternative story? Right. The rice first of all, in the eyes of the world, every land is good for rice. Only water to them is cubic meters, number of cubic meters. To us, water is life, supporting, sustaining ecological processes. So fluctuation of water, seasonality of water, and diversity of ecosystem and diversity of cropping. And so, in the name of food security, they have expanded, lies everywhere, and until they have no more room, we went into intensification, from one crop before '75, before the war ended, to two crops, and then three crops in closeding dike system, compartmental dike. So upstream we have compartmental dike refusing to receive floodwater and sediment. So the water cannot enter the land, so they rush and get lost into the sea in the flood season. In the dry season, we don't have the stored water from the floodplains to supplement the flowing for dry season. So the sea push further to land, and we say, Ah-ha, climate change. So we borrow money, and we build 10,000 sluice gates along the coast for turning brackish into year-round fresh water for rice cultivation. And as a result, monoculture. And the late professor Dr. Rice told me that when he was still alive, he told me that rice needs 16 elements from the soil, and sediment used to provide all of those. Now you build an enclosing dike, refusing to take in natural sediment, and you apply fertilizer and PK and micro one, only three. So the 13 one, rice, we have to take up from the soil, the storage, the past deposit. And as a matter of fact, it takes about 20 years, 25 years for the storage to be depleted. So the cost of farming is rising, because natural nutrients by the sediment cannot be replaced by the NPK and the use of fertilizer. So cost of farming is catching up with the revenue, and that's explained why two million people left the delta. And we had everything for free: fish for free, water for free, the air for free.

So you have a lot of money from rice farming, but everything is not clear anymore. So you wanted to put the accountants into the education camp with the hydrologists? Didn't you manage to train some accountants too? Because you have the very holistic view, and a lot of accountants, they're just looking at the money from the rice, or the money from the rice farming. Did you manage to train any accountants to do a proper accounting of this total economic damage that's done? That's the last question because we are way past. Oh yeah, yeah. And we have one last question, which is the guy wanted here, which is the shrimp and rice farming enterprise, right? After this session, Mr. Cam share about that, and Ms. Vân is going to also share about the community meeting. You have a very good economic question. We need a comprehensive CBA, cost-benefit analysis of the Delta, because income from rice, very easily, we say just number of tons and the price, and that's it: the gains. But we don't know the pain. We have lost, we have lost most of the things that didn't go through the market. So GDP is a wrong indicator. GDP. We don't count for, we don't know the services that the river provides, the fishing service that we have. How much is that worth? The shrimp we have for free. The fish for free. We have lost everything that nobody accounts for. So we need MIT to come in to solve that economic problem, to tell the public that we know the gain. We don't know the pain. Let's end with a happy note. In 2017, realizing the serious issues of the Delta, the Prime Minister then held the biggest conference on the Delta. It was first of its kind ever. It was called the Dien Hong Conference on the Delta. Dien Hong is the name of a conference, national conference back in 15th century when we needed a national assembly whether to surrender or to kick the Mongols out. So the name, the word name, signify the importance of the conference on the Delta. So after that, the Prime Minister signed off on the Resolution 120, and after that we prepared the Delta Master Plan following the principles of the 120 resolution, which is a lengthy document, but I have read it for you. I know that you are coming. So can we summarize the five points? Number one: we're going to respect the law of nature from now on. Wow. Wow! We're going to respect the law of nature from now on. Before nature was lucky, we are spoiling. Second: we're going to embrace not only freshwater, but saline and brackish water and floodwater as resources. Another wow. We fought with the friends as enemies before, now we embrace them as friends. Number three: we're going to transform agriculture from quality only, quantity only, quantity target to quality. So we don't want to be the quickest rice exporter anymore. Income for people is more important, whatever. And number four: we're going to change priority from rice first, other crops, fishery, to fishery, other crops and rice. So rice is now taking the third seat. So we gonna fish for white rice? Ah, aquaculture, aquaculture, including the white fish, of course. And the fifth: fifth is planning of the Delta from now on can be integrated. This requires explanation. It might sound simple to you, but for decades we followed the Soviet type of planning, which is a sectoral one and five-year with target. No matter what, in five years you have to produce 25 million tons of rice. That's kind of Soviet type of planning. And everybody did the planning, the sectoral planning. So we ended up having 2,500 plans for the Delta. Two thousand. Let me repeat: 2,500 plans for the Delta. Chaotic planning, is no more. In 2017, luckily we had the first time ever the Planning Law. So the Delta, the planning for the Delta can be integrated. Integrated means everybody come and forge into the master plan, just like you have one body, and before you had 2,500 doctors giving you prescription without talking to each other. And everybody have to talk and come up with one treatment plan. So the Delta now have a master plan. And according to the master plan, we have divided the Delta into three zones: freshwater zone, brackish zone, saline zone, and we will respect the zone. Whatever grown in freshwater, we're going to grow upstream. Whatever saline, we're going to grow here. Whatever adapt to brackish water, we're going to grow here. So we don't fight with nature anymore, and we're going to have three services for nature. Yet we are not there yet. Still we have a lot of work to do.

We can take direction in due course. Okay, that's happy. Any questions? No questions. Any questions? No more questions? Very good. Rice rig, that's the things we can adapt to the second zone, the practice water zone. You know, the practice water zone is the interface in between the sandwich, the sandwich in between the freshwater zone upstream and the sea, the coastal sea. So, it's alternating water regime. In the wet season, you have a lot of freshwater coming down from upstream like this. This island is in the practice zone, sandwich in between. In the freshwater season, rainy season, you have freshwater. You can plant one crop of rice, no problem. And in the dry season, when the sea moves in and mixes with freshwater, you have the practice water, which is good for a lot of things, including rice shrimp, which the farmers here are practicing. So they have the broods from the stream. And actually the income from shrimp is much higher than rice. And because of the shrimp, they don't use pesticide on the rice. And because of the shrimp, they have more nutrients, rice. And the rice here is safe, organic. So for lunch today, you're going to eat good, safe rice. Why do we want to be the third largest rice exporter in the world? Because we want to be on top of the world somehow. We have a national football team, but we have to play with Argentina or something. So we have to find a way to be on top of the world. And we also the third delta most vulnerable to climate change. Yeah, another way to be on top of the world. Any questions? Let me ask you over lunch. Thank you.

旧Day 2 HTMLに収録された原文を保持。聞き取りの誤り・欠落、フィールドメモを含みます。Original text retained from the previous Day 2 HTML, including recognition errors, omissions and field notes.

Đến 5 1955 thì các vụ Nguyễn Văn Xuân, Nguyễn Văn đóng, Nguyễn Văn Nga về đây khai quan cái gì lớp này.?
1955 people start coming.
Và đến 5 2010 thì cô Kim mới được thành lập hết.Đồ ăn silder trên.
The 2010 the 14 Isaac was.
Diện tích cồn tính nung đất rừng chỉ có 62 ha.Do emrial is.
62 hectares in included the forest.
Chiều dài của cồn thì không quá 3 km.Bị ôn.
Under 3 kilometers.
Hiện tại ở giữa mình là đang ở giữa cồn và có cái chiều ngang là chiều rộng là khoảng tầm 500m.We a in the middle of.
The Iceland and the week is only 500 meters.
Hai đầu cồn không được là 50 m, cái bình ngang không chiều rộng không được 50 m.

Cho nên là cái mình có cái địa hình của mình, có cái hình cánh chim, từ đó có cái tên gọi là cồn chim so ô tô xếp á khai đô. 
Widely shaped like a bird wings.So that's why they have the name Bird.
Ở đây thì có 6 tháng nước mặn và 6 tháng nước ngọt.
Six months with the breaking water and six months with the fresh water.
Cái kháng nước mặn thì bà con ở đây là nuôi thủy sản.Qua tới mùa nước ngọt như thời điểm bây giờ thì mà thôi. Bắt đầu trồng lúa trên diện tích mình nuôi tôm.Ănd.
The freshwater which is during this time they started to grow rice on the land in which they used to rice.
Cho nên là con tôm mình cũng phải nuôi sạch và trồng lúa, mình cũng phải nuôi sạch để trồng sạch, để cho mà giữ cái cân= với nhau.
To rice wing and roast the rice to clean.So, so, so they have to pick them.
Và người dân ở đây những 5 trước đây thì chiên sống về nghề khai thác biển sản ở ngoài sông.
Go fish outside.
Và được thầy Nguyễn Hữu Thiện đến đây để khảo sát vùng đất này và thành lập một cái mô hình là quản lý xong cùng khi ở ngoài kia.Đầu.
And bring it on approach so to have the local ship myself from only fishing into fishing and growing together.
Mô hình đó nhầm là mình bảo vệ rừng, bảo vệ cái nguồn lợi thủy sản ở đây.Tôiát.
And exploit the river and prevent the prevent the outsider.
Khi về nhà mình đánh bắt theo mùa. Mùa sinh sản thì mình không có đánh bắt mà mùa cũng như là mình đánh bắt thì mắt lớn hơn 1 phân 8 và chỉ người dân phường kia mới được khai thác đánh bắt cái dòng sông này.

Mắc lưới lớn hơn 108, tức là lưới lớn như vậy thì giữ lại giữ lại cái nguồn hải sản đã. 80 cạnh. 
They have to catch fish and shrimp in the net with small size, small mesh.So small Nets smash mesh.So you don't, you don't catch a small one.Yeah, yeah.OK, OK, OK.Yeah, yeah, this moment.
Từ cái quy ước đó thì cả+ đồng cùng nhau. Từ đó thì mình biết trồng lúa sạch và trồng rau sạch.

Thì đến 5, 2019 thì được a. Nhanh quá thể thao và du lịch tỉnh Trà Vinh đến đây hỗ trợ bà con làm du lịch+ đồng. Dầu ăn. 1 12, 2019. 
2000 and 15 sorry 19 the government came here to have everyone to do.
Và những ngày đầu thì chỉ có 7 hộ tham gia vào cái cửa du lịch này.
7 households participated and then expanded to.
Những cái giá trị văn hóa ở đây mình có ở nhà hàng như là trái dừa nằm rồi. Cây lúa làm ra gạo làm ra bánh và mình làm như lá sâm chén sâm mình mới vừa ăn thì làm ra những sắn.Sản phẩm để đón khách.
The thing already have here like the tree, the bit, the shrimp, the flower to.
Thì. Và sau đó thì có những hộ, người ta đi tìm dừa nước nè.

Và cây dừa nước là cái trái của cây dừa này. Xong rồi người ta đi tìm mật thao nè giống như điểm hồi nãy mình đi ăn, mình đông á, người ta đi tìm ong dừa và người ta đăng ký tham gia vào cái cử nhiều lần này. Và đồng thời là có những hộ cho du khách là trải nghiệm cái cuộc sống của bà con như là câu tôm, câu cua. 
So many hospital have experienced like streaming.Ah fish, fish massage.Yes, fish massage.Put massage.
Sau này. Nói trước cái ha rồi, vậy thì cái hướng đi tới của cồng chim thì mình sẽ là làm sao để mà nơi này trở thành một cái nơi du lịch xanh và mình.?Mỗi lần mình đoán cách mà mình tự phun từ cách là mình khép kín cái mô hình ở đây.
They are aiming towards a comparative model by agriculture and self-sufficient to this.
Và điểm du lịch+ đồng cầu duyên cũng đã đạt giải+ đồng ASEAN 5 2000.
It is regarded many price of our.
Và bản thân tôi đã đi ma lai để về bản.
Oh, present.
Hiện nay thì ở đây là mình vận hành theo cái mô hình hợp tác xã và. Mà bản thân tôi đã được đi Philippines để học tập mô hình này.

Hôm nay là đón được đoàn mình thì. Đoàn đã trải nghiệm những cái đời sống của bà con ở đây và người dân ở cùng chim cảm thấy rất. Nhất là trước hết khi đoàn đã đến đây à.? 
Very happy and appreciate that all of you came here today and experience the life of.I want it's OK.I want to know what's the most difficult part of doing this kind of business.
Đầu tiên là khi thực hiện cái mô hình du lịch này thì tôi gặp khó khăn, rất là nhiều vì bà con ở đây là người ta chuyên sắm về nghề nông,. Người ta làm một nông dân chưa được đi du lịch. Cho nên khi làm du lịch thì bà con không biết làm sao để mà làm bà. 
The first thing is from the beginning days they are all farmers and they didn't know how to do 2 reasons thanks to Oh wow wow.
Thì khó khăn kế tiếp là phần mình vận động bà con tham gia vào chuỗi du lịch này. Em.

Và nhất là để thực hiện cái bình đẳng giới là người phụ nữ phải tiến bộ thì từ đó là ở đem vận động chị em phụ nữ tham gia vào cái mừng. 
So so the the women have to have the new mindset to participate in this.
Và hiện thời thì đa số là phụ nữ đứng tên kinh doanh của các điểm đến như là So Rainey.
Now most of the household rest records, sorry, was on behalf of the household women. So the the woman is the one who represents the whole business for the family finances.

Basically, women LED entrepreneurs, women LED the woman left. 
Dạ, sau khi mà cái mô hình hiệu quả rồi, mình muốn quản lý nó tốt hơn thì tiến tới hợp tác xã thì bản thân mình lại là gặp khó nữa. Bây giờ mình là một cái người nông dân bình thường thôi mà nếu mà làm cái quản trị về hợp tác xã thì mình cái năng lực của mình còn hạn chế, rất là nhiều. 
Can I can I ask about land ownership?Do they own pieces of the land or is it still government owned?
Cái này là đất ở đây nè.À, đất ở đây, người dân mình tự sở hữu nhưng mà khi mà mình khai thác du lịch á thì mình được sự hỗ trợ rất là nhiều của sở văn hóa và cũng như Sở Nông nghiệp.
So they they can decide what to do with it.
Được hỗ trợ được hỗ trợ như chiếc xe đạp á là mình cũng được nâng hỗ trợ 50% giá trị và mở rộng thông gian đón khách này mình cũng được 50 triệu.Rồi mình cất phần xay bên kia thì mình được 30 triệu.
OK, so how many, how many people live in the island today?
Ở đây có 54 hột, 227, 227 nhân thảo.
270 four are there are there any younger people coming back here like.
À cũng có có, có những em nó học xong đại học kế toán rồi học xong à.?

Cao đẳng văn phòng rồi nó quay trở về đây, nó làm cho một khách sạn. Bên bên rừng dượng hả.?2 bên mật cam.Nhìn nước, nhìn nước, nhìn nước một em là học về học, về du lịch á thì xong.
Yeah, they can see what the main tourists and where they're coming from.2 are the main tourists.
Viên, 5.000.
Same whole year around. As good as mainly in Vietnamese because I thought it would be more if the Vietnamese are knowing about it then, yeah.

But I think maybe foreign is like the one that we see today. It's like they go on tour. Yeah. But yeah, probably there's not many. Yeah. But normally this kind of like ecotourism is appears to foreigners, right? Yeah, local. The local people. So just one last question, what's the main the tourist stuff and what do you think? Why are the community? 
Thứ nhất là ở đây có một cái cuộc sống bình yên, thứ 2 là tất cả những cái sản phẩm mà đón khách cũng như là những cái sản vật đón khách là từ cây nhà lá dừa.
From what you should.And in my opinion, because we're in another world, I, I selected from the outside, yeah, very peaceful.Yeah.Everything.I so, yeah, yeah.
Ngoài ra thì còn cái lần viếng khách nữa, bà con đón khách như đón được thôi.
Hospitality, yeah, People here is very hospital, yeah.Yeah, go to Hospital Island.Very interesting.I.

旧Day 2 HTMLに収録された原文を保持。聞き取りの誤り・欠落、フィールドメモを含みます。Original text retained from the previous Day 2 HTML, including recognition errors, omissions and field notes.

Making this one-meter pagoda in Siem, built over the Brahmin ruins. The grounds include the sacred main hall, the school on the left where monk teach Khmer and Thai to village children, and the hall at the back is for daily monk activity. And this pagoda is smaller, so the three main areas is located inside the temple. Different from the other pagoda, which is set aside far away, because that is a big tourist pagoda. That's all. Now we will go inside and see more about the aesthetic. I have a question. I have a question. Why so gold? Tại sao ở đây chùa đây nhiều màu vàng vậy ạ? Dạ, cái đó là màu đặc trưng của văn hóa Khmer. Nhưng mà tại sao họ thích màu vàng vậy ạ? Màu vàng nó tượng trưng cho điều gì? Giống như là nó sẽ không phải chỉ màu vàng, nó có màu đỏ, nó chỉ ngoại trừ các màu xanh. Còn tất cả các màu khác còn lại. Cái này toàn màu vàng luôn hả? Cái đó là dạng như là đặc trưng thôi, nó là đặc trưng, nó không có mang ý nghĩa gì hết. Nó có thể là màu đỏ, màu đen cũng được. Nhưng mà có cái chùa nào sơn hết màu đỏ không ạ? Dạ, chỉ đa số là có sơn vàng thôi, nhưng mà màu phấn thì có, màu xanh thì có. So it's a color, like signature of the culture? Buddhist from Khmer culture. Khmer color. Ah. Should I finish also? Yeah. Okay.

Oh, it's numbered. Ah, so we can see the number. Okay. Okay, great. So, from back here, around this... It depends on each pagoda. Like they can place on the left, on the right, and also have a rating for you to follow. And there is sometimes the last picture. Actually, there is just one picture I would like to be placed, the two sides. This is the Sleeping Buddha. Yeah, sleeping Buddha. What? Is there some... I have seen this image, and there is a statue out there also of the Sleeping Buddha. What is the special message of Buddha when he's sleeping? Because in that picture, which Buddha is having that, the Buddha is... So it's like a very sacred meaning to people. So we have to place in the middle on the Buddha, and also it is also can be picture, can be statue. Can I ask another question? So, there are so many Naga, the serpent in all Khmer temples, and Kim asked a very interesting question. I think I discovered that the serpent is giving Buddha some special knowledge. I wonder what we can learn about the serpent. Maha Linga maybe is his name? And what's the message that the serpent is telling the Buddha? He said that when the Buddha was in this life, he was protected by the serpent. So it's like a guardian to protect him. And the serpent is like a guardian, not just to the Buddha, but also for all the followers and all the community people. So how do you become a monk, and how do you realize Nirvana? By training or by looking after other people? Actually, for many people, they have a custom that they have to, like the young boy, they have to go to the pagoda to stay for two years, from 18 to 20, to become a monk. When doing that, they learn about the religion and to... they want to give back to the parents. So that they give marriage? Marriage. Because the parents may be born to them, so by staying in the pagoda for two years, it's like a gift back to the parents. And this custom still happens nowadays. Is it just only for the boys, or for all children? Only for the boys. They can still be learning in university, but still, like, they have half month to stay. And he said that after they have spent two years becoming a monk, like, he realized that there is this kind of spiritual, and he wants to know more and he wants to practice more. So what he do. And when do people take a day time to pray at pagoda? Is it every day or special occasions, like for birth, or for death, or for harvest, or what is the...? When do people come and pray here in the pagoda? Usually, they do a month of... eight, 18th, around 3:30. On the first day, they go to the pagoda for 10th month, about a month, like eight, 15, 12, 23, and the 30th. Wow. Also they have to be vegetarian on those days? Sometimes... three, and 30. So the 8th, 23rd is usually normal. Because, like, for example, the monks have to stay in the pagoda, and they go out. And for a lot of people, they very care about Buddhism. So that means they care very much about the monks. So on a daily basis, the monks usually go out and people gonna give them something to eat. And for that day, they go outside to the pagoda. That makes sense. In a moment we're going to receive a blessing, and part of Buddhism is to cultivate our understanding. So what kind of mental state should we cultivate, or should we... what's the... what should we do with our minds during a blessing? He said that during the blessing, you should focus on what you are craving for, like you want to...

The second is to... and the third, to leave your mind and your soul away from...
Peaceful. Happy.

[Field note] 2つのクメールダンスを鑑賞。
1つ目：ロンバン（聞き取り表記）／Royal Dance。自然のLife Cycleを表し、種子が発芽する様子などが動きに組み込まれている。
2つ目：ロンパン（聞き取り表記）／Circle Dance。

Mọi người có một câu hỏi là tại sao cái mũ của mình nó lại có tính chất nhận như vậy, cái ý nghĩa của cái hình thù là cái gì? Cái nhận lên nó phải có nhiều tầng. Cái mẫu, mẫu, mẫu, bảo. Cái mặt nạ, đúng không? Mặt nạ đó là giống như là tượng trưng cho người nghệ nhân sẽ tạc theo kiếp từng nhân vật biểu diễn trong nghệ thuật sân khấu. như là mặt trang thì cũng như thể hiện cái tiếng phản diện á, thì cái mặt, khuôn cái mặt nó dữ tợn. Yes, the mask represents the one character, the bad one and the good one. The king is high. Từ thâm cao. Nếu mà nhà vua thì nó sẽ có một đặc trưng của cái mũ đó, nó sẽ là cái gì? Nhà vua thì cũng có đặc trưng là cũng có cấp tầng nữa, cũng có tầng nữa. Bao nhiêu tầng? Và nó có cái màu sắc riêng không? Có màu sắc riêng, là tính vàng, giống như cái mặt nạ vàng, cho nó nó lấp lánh hơn. Có cái... chủ yếu là tông tạo. And some hat, if they is like a good quality stick, it can make like gold. He asked about the hats, right? So she just explained the hats. Và cái mặt nạ là người nghệ nhân đó hỏi dùng từ vé số. Số nghệ nhân họ có cái tiếng mình, thẻ số cũ mình nó dán lên. Là hai người dùng cái lớp giấy, quy trình tạo khuôn. Cái thứ nhất là mình tạo khuôn nè, xong rồi đến công đoạn đắp gạch dán giấy, công đoạn thứ ba mới tạo hình, chẳng thắc qua, tạo hình xong cho khuôn một với nhân vật. Okay, for the mask, the first one we gonna have to make the mold, and then for the body, we have to make a mold, and then we gonna have several layers of paper, and currently, some artists, they not just use the paper, they use the luxury ticket, for getting like for the luck and fortune. And then they gonna shape, curve, to make a curve and then paint the pattern on the mask. Và đặc điểm họ dùng cái tách thức chính là ngày xưa là từ thiên nhiên, là thằng mủ ép mủ của trái măng cụt rừng, trái bòng rừng mình á, ép lấy cái nhựa đó làm cái chất kết dính, mà cái độ bền nó cao và múa mặt nó không có hư hại. Rather than using the industrial glue, they have the traditional method by pressing the liquid of the wild mangosteen to make the glue. Ah, I see. Cái màu tôi hỏi dùng từ màu xanh thì từ lá dứa và lá bồn bọt. Màu đỏ thì màu tím thì từ trái gì, màu tím thì từ trái gì độn bộ, hoặc là màu hoặc là cái cỏ mực. Ngày xưa, nhưng mà hiện tại giờ nó cũng có sự cách, cũng như để giảm bớt thời gian thì họ cũng sử dụng màu công nghiệp với keo công nghiệp. In the traditional way, not only just a glue but also the color. They use natural resources like leaves or fruit to make the color. But nowadays, there's a lot of things changed, because if you do in the traditional way, it's gonna take so long. So there is some artists, they use the industrial color to make the mask. But if we use the whole process, the whole traditional process, the duration of mask is very long. Một cái mặt nạ làm truyền thống là bao nhiêu sẽ có thể giữ trong bao lâu? Có thể là dao động cả chục năm có em. The duration of the traditional mask, it can last about 10 years or more. Yeah. What do we distinguish the good guys and the bad guys, if we want to study the story? Là cái mặt mạ thì làm sao để phân biệt được cái tốt và xấu? Cái mặt, cái mặt từ bàn tay trở lên là cái mặt, thì giờ... Tốt và xấu theo cái cách mà mình tạo hình, theo cái nhân vật. Người xấu là dạng như chỉ có ví dụ như chằng á, là biểu tượng, là khuôn mặt dữ tợn, có cái mũi... The next chamber, they're gonna add the mask, you gonna see teeth. The two teeth, you mean? I mean look this one. For the mask and also the hand. No, but this is more like story. The story good guys, huh? Because he has the fangs. Right? And the hat is a little different. Yeah, discriminating against bad guys. If missing the point we want, for the philosopher, like, stop here. Ah, right. Another explanation. For the hand, you're gonna see that, that is just for the nobles, or royals, like the ones who live in the... The royals, yeah. Yeah, the royals. And if you are the innocent people, no hand. No hand. Yeah, I see. None of us get hats.

Practice after so because you already enjoy it at the hall over there. This is gonna be like some a place. So there gonna be a bad side and good side and they're gonna fight. Yeah, it is a bad one because, like, he have teeth and... And this cruise over there, usually they, if the people have the parade, they're gonna be like the pioneer to go first and then to, like, make some noise, to cheer at the moment. So before the main one starts. They will be the first ones.

Những hoa văn, những chữ rất là độc đáo. As we can see, for many people, they have a lot of, like, handmade crafting. This can be, like, some weaving stuff, like mattress, or what is, like, things, like, this is the kind of weaving, and then we have the... this is the painting in the glass. Yeah. That's the basic. ... là tất cả là bằng giấy số không chị, hay là chỉ có một tờ, hai tờ? Mỗi một mặt nạ là một ngàn hai. Một ngàn hai… một tờ là một trăm ngàn, một trăm tờ là... Không, ý là giá số cũ á. Giá số cũ. Ý là anh tính theo cái giá trị giá khi mua. Nó có vài một tỷ à. Cũng rất là hay, rất là độc đáo. Còn một số nghệ nhân thì họ sử dụng từ gỏi, từ gỏi thôi. Nghệ nhân này thì có ai là người chủ nhận? Nghệ nhân thì cũng được nhà nước cũng như được Bộ Văn hóa của nhà nước cũng có công nhận là cái nghề này thì đã được Bộ đưa vào danh mục di sản văn hóa phi vật thể quốc gia vào năm hai không hai mươi lăm.

[Conversation note]
質問: 工芸や舞台美術などを見たけど、全体を通して共通するアイディア（思想）は何？
回答: 家の中から道中まで、小さいところから大きいところまで各所にブッダがいる。日常の中に組み込まれている。

But different Thai, we say different. For the female and the male, we say different. Like for the female, we say Thay. Like teacher. For the male, we say Ko. Sư, means monk. So when the kid goes to the pagoda and build the school, when he becomes a monk, even the family, the parents, have to call him like Thay. Whenever I go to the pagoda, whenever I see a monk, I will have to... or chat Thay. And also when we head to the main hall, we go straight, right? But when we step out, we don't face the back. Oh. We don't face the back statue. Now we know where we do. We do. But different. But in different area. See, in the north I see many more female monks. Is the north because this is Khmer, and the pagodas are maybe... So if it's not Khmer ethnic, are the Buddhist temples slightly different style? Yes, very different. I can show you, like ones from the north, so you can see the characteristic of Khmer pagoda, mainly yellow. In the northeast, is inspired by the Chinese. Not Chinese, but Khmer. I think the head, yeah. And also the paint, usually gray or red. Personally, I prefer the aesthetic of the pagoda in the north. Thank you for sharing your... It looks like a... beautiful. Look like Chinese, but also more natural. It's not colored like gold because there is no Khmer. The material is usually, like natural, wood and stone, and not yellow painting. But the inside is also different. Yes, I think so. Maybe inside they don't paint? Do they paint? No. They don't paint like this.

English rendering of Japanese passages in the original record:

[Field note] We watched two Khmer dances.

First: “Ronban” (phonetic transcription), a Royal Dance. Its movements express nature’s life cycle, including seeds germinating.

Second: “Ronpan” (phonetic transcription), a Circle Dance.

Question: After seeing the crafts and stage art, what common idea runs through them?

Answer: Buddha appears everywhere, in homes and along roads, at small and large scales. Buddhism is embedded in everyday life.